I don't have any experience with nvme drives but as I follow this thread, I wonder if there's something about this particular drive or this particular computer or this particular combination that requires some driver.
These are just my thoughts and I don't mean to suggest that you haven't already though of most (or all) of them for yourself...
If understand correctly, you can boot an OS from another device and then can see the files on the nvme drive then that implies that the computer and the drive are both working.
At boot time, the computer does not see the nvme drive - or does it just "not see it as bootable"?
After booting into an OS (using some other device), the nvme drive is seen.
Is the partition marked as "bootable" (fdisk/gdisk)? If more than one partition, is the -correct- one marked as bootable?
Is there maybe some driver that's compiled into the kernel (or loaded as a module or whatever) of the OS that you're booting (from usb) that would enable the nvme drive to be visible after boot even though it's not visible before booting?
Any chance there's a BIOS update for the computer that would help? Back in the day, wasn't there some issue where one had to jump through some hoops to boot from SCSI drives - though, really, I thought we were past that sort of thing.
Do you have access to another computer on which you could try test booting the nvme drive?
There have been posts while I typed this, so sorry if I'm behind in the thread.