Sorry for not mentioning my environment; I had thought this problem has nothing to do with environment.
I use Windows, for my poor memory to memorize Linux commands. (for example, I still can't remember how to ask find command to search for a particular file after 3 decades. Fortunately we have ChatGPT now). The Ubuntu environments I can access are either in WSL or in nodes of HPC, miles away from me, or in another continent. That's where Windows and Linux should be deployed, right?
For Ubuntu environment in WSL, I just realized it is much messy than I thought when it comes to fractional scaling:
https://github.com/microsoft/wslg/issues/23. I don't hold my breath that WSL team can fix it in near future.
For remote Ubuntus, choose Wayland or Xorg at the login screen? Simply not an option, because 1) that's a shared server. 2) Wayland implementation like weston is not installed. I don't think changing fractional scaling needs sudo privilege on Linux, but rebooting needs. PS, I use TightVNC to connect to GNOME desktop of remote Ubuntus.
I encounter the same issue no matter I am in WSL or in GNOME of remote Ubuntu.
As for wizardfromoz's question, first, thank you for the reply. For WSL, I haven't yet install the graphics hardware, so
lspci | grep VGA
returns nothing. For remote Ubuntu machines, there is no gaming nVidia GPU installed, and AI GPUs are not allocated for GUI desktop. Although I agree off-loading fractional scaling computation to hardware is a good idea, I think it can also be implemented by software, just like OpenGL can be implemented by software, as long as one wishes.
As for treeshateorcs's comments, what I can say is that it sounds so much like US politicians criticising China for being autocratic, for being backward, for its govenment being corrupt, for its leader being a dictator, for their people living misarable lives. What funny words! The same words can be heard every now and then from Linux users critisizing Windows. How much do you know about X11? How much do you know about Windows? How much do you know about China? No system comes without a problem. For me, yes, I did try Wayland, but it is simply a cause of broken workflow, of commands not working, and of many strange errors, just like many problems in US when its people are still firmly believing their system is the best in the world.
From the screenshot of the Wizard, I can find out some reason for the problem. Users of Linux use 4K screen but they don't develop, while Linux developers are able to fix these issues but they don't use 4K screen.